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Cardiac anatomy and physiology. Standard presentation of Two Dimensional (2D) Echo and M-Mode images of normal and abnormal echocardiograms. Color flow, pulse and continuous wave Doppler findings of normal and cardiac pathology identify valvular stenosis and regurgitation. Description of cardiac pathology and associated 2D findings, Doppler patterns, and related calculations for determining severity.

Advanced cardiac abnormalities evaluated by two dimensional (2D), M-Mode, and Doppler methods include: stenosis, valve abnormalities, regurgitation, diastolic dysfunction, cardiomyopathies, pericardial and coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular methods of evaluation, masses and tumors, endocarditis, prosthesis, aortic root diseases, and cardiac transplants. Transesophagael Echo: standard views, and Doppler identification.

Description and echocardiographic findings of advanced cardiac abnormalities including
pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary emboli, endocarditis, prosthetic valves, cardiac masses,
transplant, and aortic root disease. Emphasis on cardiac embryology and congenital cardiac
defects and the associated echocardiographic findings. Content includes echocardiographic
identification of surgical repairs of congenital cardiac diseases.

Course content introduces advanced cardiac ultrasound technologies and assessment methods including 3D Echocardiography, Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, Ventricular Assist Devices, Transesophageal Echocardiography, Electrophysiology Studies, Strain-Strain Rate and Speckle Tracking. Emphasis on carotid ultrasound imaging, Doppler, and characteristics of carotid pathology.